ance, endocrine, power metabolism, digestive program, protein production, cytoplasmic translation, and regulation (Supplementary Materials, Excels

ance, endocrine, power metabolism, digestive program, protein production, cytoplasmic translation, and regulation (Supplementary Materials, Excels S3 and S4). The numbers of contracted gene families in genus clades within the phylogenetic tree were higher than that the numbers of expanded genes. The numbers of contracted gene families in most species had been decrease, except for two related species of V. javana sp. 7 and sp. two and 4 taxa of Blastophaga (Figure 2a,b). For contracted gene households, the GO- and KEGG-enriched gene families in V. javana sp. 7 and sp. 2 had been related to amino acid metabolism, signal transduction, energy metabolism or carbohydrate metabolism, as well as the nervous method, however the precise gene families and metabolic pathways (and, indeed, the proteins that they create) had been different (Supplementary Components, Excels S3 and S4). Four enzymes or gene households related to protein synthesis (e.g., serine and threonine) enriched in KEGG had been shared amongst B. sp.-F. abeli and B. sp.-F. pyriformis (Table two; Supplementary Supplies, Excel S4). Ribosome, IL-8 web valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis-related genes also as neurodegenerative disease-related genes were shared between B. sp.-F. formosa and B. sp.-F. erecta var. beecheyana. No KEGG pathway was shared among the four taxa. three.five. Contraction of Genes Involved in Chemosensory It has been reported that some chemosensory gene households in fig wasps have knowledgeable dramatic contractions in relation to other insects [6]. Therefore, we compared the numbers of genes in OBP, Or, CSP, Ir, and Gr households among fig wasps and other insect species (Table 3; Figure 3a,b). The numbers for OBPs and CSPs in the fig wasps had been 65 (14.7 7.4) and 128 (19.five 6.6), while in other insects these figures wereInsects 2021, 12,11 of92 (30.7 21.2) and 91 (19 7.5); there were no substantial variations in OBP and CSP numbers when Caspase 8 MedChemExpress comparing fig wasps with other insects (t-test: t = -1.966, p = 0.094; t = 0.165, p = 0.870). The numbers of genes for Or, Ir and Gr families in fig wasps were 208 (33.six 16.four), 62 (13.2 three.six), and 59 (10.two 3.six), respectively, though those from the other insects were 9481 (298.3 214.5), 290 (40.0 12.0), and 3943 (57.7 35.1); there had been drastically lower numbers of genes in each and every of those 3 sensory classes in fig wasps when when compared with other insects (t = -3.262, p = 0.017; t = -5.86, p = 0.001; t = -4.931, p = 0.003).Table 3. Numbers of OBP, Or, CSP, Ir, and Gr genes among 25 fig wasps and 7 other insect species. Species Valisia javana sp. 7 V. javana sp. two V. javana sp. eight V. esquirolianae V. javana sp. 1 V. medusa V. cf filippina V. malayana V. compacta V. sp.-F. langkokensis Platyscapa quadraticeps P. sp.-F. concinna P. sp.-F. rumphill Eupristina altissima Blastophaga sp.-F. abeli B. sp.-F. pyriformis B. sp.-F. formosa B. sp.-F. erecta var. beecheyana B. sp.-F. variolosa Ceratosolen appendiculatus C. fusciceps C. gravelyi C. solmsi C. constrictus Kradibia tentacularis Imply for 25 fig wasps SE Nasonia vitripennis Copidosoma floridanum Apis mellifera Polistes canadensis Acromyrmex echinatior Orussus abietinus Drosophila melanogaster Mean for seven other insects SE OBP 31 23 16 13 15 19 11 16 13 16 11 8 six 7 11 11 9 12 29 14 ten 11 9 12 35 14.72 7.45 62 47 21 11 17 9 48 30.72 21.16 Or 33 45 27 38 30 30 21 21 21 20 26 23 20 73 22 20 27 30 27 78 63 43 47 34 22 33.64 16.39 474 186 343 181 681 94 129 298.29 214.51 CSP 38 26 16 14 16 24 24 28 14 23 16 23 15 16 20 13 14 14 24 19 16 12