Mation Table 4). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated binding of GST-OsGRF4 to DNA fragments

Mation Table 4). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated binding of GST-OsGRF4 to DNA fragments containing intact but not mutant GCGG core motifs (Fig. 3h), and ChIP-PCR confirmed in vivo association of OsGRF4 with GCGG-containing promoter fragments from various NH4+ metabolism genes, such as OsAMT1.1 and OsGS1.2 (Fig. 3i; Calcium L-Threonate manufacturer Extended Information Fig. 2k-n). Finally, OsGRF4 activates transcription from OsAMT1.1 and OsGS1.2 promoters in transactivation assays (Fig. 3j, k; Extended Data Fig. 2o). Further experiments demonstrated that OsGRF4mediated transcriptional activation also promotes NO3- metabolism (Fig. 3b, c; Extended Data Fig. 3). Therefore, OsGRF4 is definitely an overall transcriptional activator of N metabolism, and counteracts the inhibitory effects of SLR1. We next investigated how GA, SLR1, and OsGRF4 regulate N metabolism. GA promotes each NJ6 and Bromoxynil octanoate Purity & Documentation NJ6-sd1 15NH4+ uptake prices to similarly high levels (Fig. 4a). Also, the GAbiosynthesis inhibitor pacolubutrazol25 (PAC) reduces NJ6 and NJ6-sd1 15NH4+ uptakes, while GA restores it (Fig. 4a). As a result, SLR1 accumulation (due to sd1 or PAC) reduces NH4+ uptake, while SLR1 reduction (due to GA) increases it. Additionally, the GA-DELLA technique differentially regulates the abundance of NH4+ metabolism mRNAs: OsAMT1.1 and OsGS1.2 mRNA abundances are increased by GA, reduced by PAC, and restored by combined GA and PAC (Fig. 4b). We next discovered that PAC reduces, whilst GA promotes ChIP-PCR enrichment of GCGG motif-containing fragments in the OsAMT1.1 and OsGS1.2 promoters (Fig. 4c). Hence, SLR1 accumulation inhibits, while SLR1 reduction promotes binding of OsGRF4 to OsAMT1.1 and OsGS1.two promoters (Fig. 4c), thereby affecting mRNA abundance and NH4+ metabolism (Fig. 4a, b; Extended Information Fig. 4a, b). SLR1 abundance also probably affects NO3- uptake (Fig. 3b; Extended Information Fig. 3a, b) and NR activity (Fig. 3c; Extended Information Fig. 4c) by means of inhibition of OsGRF4 activation of NO3metabolism genes. Whilst interaction of OsGRF4 with OsGIF (GRF-interacting issue) co-activators through a conserved QLQ domain (Extended Information Fig. 5a, b) promotes target gene expression18,Nature. Author manuscript; accessible in PMC 2019 February 15.Li et al.Pagebimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays revealed that SLR1 interferes with this interaction (Fig. 4d, e; Extended Information Fig. 5c). In vivo fluorescence resonance power transfer (FRET) assays demonstrated that SLR1 competitively inhibits the OsGRF4-OsGIF1 interaction, and that GA relieves this inhibition (Fig. 4f, g). While the OsGRF4-OsGIF1 interaction promotes binding of OsGRF4 to GCGG motif-containing DNA fragments, SLR1 inhibits this promotion by inhibiting the OsGRF4OsGIF1 interaction (but doesn’t directly interfere using the DNA-binding of OsGRF4; Fig. 4h). Accordingly, SLR1 inhibits OsGRF4-OsGIF1-mediated transactivation from OsAMT1.1 and OsGS1.2 promoters (Fig. 4i). Importantly, OsGRF4 abundance is self-promoted, and SLR1 inhibits that promotion. Whilst OsGRF4 mRNA abundance is decreased in NJ6-sd1 (versus NJ6) but increased in NJ6-sd1OsGRF4ngr2 (versus NJ6-sd1; Extended Data Fig. 6a), GA increases OsGRF4 mRNA abundance, and overcomes PAC-mediated reductions in OsGRF4 mRNA abundance (Extended Data Fig. 6b). Additionally, OsGRF4 binds in vivo with GCGG-containing OsGRF4 promoter fragments (Extended Data Fig. 6c), and SLR1 inhibits OsGRF4-OsGIF1mediated transcriptional activation of the OsGRF4 promoter (Extended Data Fig.