This loss of processivity correlated with a failure of Cajal bodies to deliver telomerase

Both atorvastatin and rosuvastatin could improve the recovery rate of capillaries after ischemia and up-regulate CXCR4 PD1-PDL1 inhibitor 2 expression in ischemic tissues. We further wanted to MCE Chemical N-Acetyl-Calicheamicin γ analyze whether the statins treatment increased the number of EPCs in the blood of ischemic mice. After hindlimb ischemia surgery, the populations of endogenous EPCs were quantified by flow cytometry. The isotype antibody control was presented in the S2 Fig. At the 2nd week, ischemic mice from the 4 mg/kg BW rosuvastatin-treated but not the 4 mg/kg BW atorvastatin-treated group exhibited significantly increased numbers of mobilized EPCs in the peripheral blood compared with the untreated group. Until the 4th week, the 8 mg/kg BW atorvastatin-treated groups exhibited significantly increased numbers of mobilized EPCs in the peripheral blood compared with the controls. Additionally, we analyzed CXCR4 expression on the circulating EPCs. Our results reveled that hindlimb ischemia surgery may have induced more intense CXCR4 expression on circulating CD34+/Flk-1+ EPCs; treatment with either atorvastatin or rosuvastatin may have significantly up-regulated the relative intensity of CXCR4 expression on CD34+/Flk-1+ EPCs. Accordingly, our findings demonstrated that both atorvastatin and rosuvastatin could elevate the numbers of circulating EPCs, as well as up-regulate the expression of CXCR4 on EPCs in the blood. To clarify whether atorvastatin and rosuvastatin is involved in EPC-mediated neovasculogenesis, the in vitro tube formation assay and wound-healing assay were used. The effects of statins on cell cytotoxicity were analyzed by MTT assay After 24 hours treatment with 2.5�C 10 ��Mof atorvastatin or rosuvastatin, the tube-forming capacity of the statins-treated EPCs in the presence of SDF-1 was significantly up-regulated compared with that of the controls. In addition, the wound-healing assay was used to evaluate the effect of statins on the migration of SDF-1-treated EPCs. First, human EPCs were pre-treated with 10 ��Matorvastatin or rosuvastatin for 24 hours before wound scraping. After that, the EPCs were cultured in the presence of 10 ng/mL SDF-1, and images were taken 8 hours after wound