This study evaluated the performance of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) incorporated into native porcine type I/III collagen scaffolds for bone regeneration in critical-sized defects. A total of 70 standardized defects (10 mm diameter, 5 mm depth) were created in the frontal bone of 14 domestic pigs, with each animal receiving five treatment groups: BCP alone, BCP combined with nano-hydroxyapatite (BCP + NHA), BCP embedded in collagen (BCP + C), autologous bone graft (AB), and empty control (ED). The primary objective was to assess the extent and quality of new bone formation, fibrous tissue deposition, and residual material over time using histomorphometric and histological analyses after 4 and 8 weeks of healing.
At 4 weeks, all treated groups demonstrated active bone regeneration compared to ED, which showed minimal osteogenesis.CD213A1 Antibody Biological Activity BCP + C exhibited the most advanced integration, with early signs of woven bone formation and direct contact between BCP particles and host trabecular bone. In contrast, BCP alone displayed significant fibrous encapsulation around granules, indicating poor osseointegration. The BCP + NHA group showed moderate osteoconduction but higher fibrous matrix accumulation than BCP + C. By 8 weeks, BCP + C had achieved the highest percentage of mineralized bone (66.5 ± 11.3%), significantly surpassing BCP (59.9 ± 4.6%) and BCP + NHA (49.6 ± 5.3%). Notably, AB also performed well, achieving 54.8 ± 10.2% new bone at 8 weeks, demonstrating seamless integration with host bone. ED controls remained poorly regenerated, with persistent soft tissue infiltration and no substantial bony bridging.
Histomorphometric analysis revealed that residual bone substitute material declined significantly over time in BCP + C, reaching only 12.0 ± 6.7% at 8 weeks—indicating effective degradation and replacement by new bone. Conversely, BCP + C had the highest residual amount at 4 weeks (20.2 ± 4.7%), reflecting initial scaffold stability. Fibrous matrix levels were lowest in BCP + C throughout both time points, suggesting favorable soft tissue response and reduced scar formation.CD16 Antibody site In contrast, ED and BCP groups showed elevated fibrous tissue, especially at 8 weeks. Microscopic evaluation confirmed that BCP + C scaffolds supported progressive remodeling, with absorption lacunae and transition from woven to lamellar bone architecture evident by 8 weeks.PMID:34933161 The collagen matrix appeared well integrated into the surrounding lamellar bone, facilitating vascular invasion and cell migration.
The results highlight the pivotal role of carrier materials in modulating BCP’s biological behavior. While BCP is inherently bioactive, its particulate form lacks structural integrity and tends to displace or aggregate within defects. Embedding BCP in a collagen scaffold improves mechanical support, prevents migration, enhances cell adhesion through surface topography and protein binding, and provides a biodegradable framework that mimics natural extracellular matrix. The combination of type I/III collagen with BCP not only stabilizes the graft but also accelerates the maturation of new bone, likely due to sustained release of calcium and phosphate ions and improved vascularization.
Clinically, this approach offers distinct advantages: ease of handling, predictable volume maintenance, and excellent contour adaptation—critical for vertical augmentation and complex reconstructions. Unlike synthetic polymers or membranes, collagen supports endogenous repair mechanisms without inducing chronic inflammation. Although concerns about immunogenicity exist with xenogeneic sources, no adverse reactions were observed in this study. Future applications could include combining BCP + C scaffolds with growth factors or stem cells for enhanced regenerative outcomes. Overall, this study confirms that BCP embedded in native porcine type I/III collagen represents a highly effective, clinically feasible strategy for promoting robust and high-quality bone regeneration in challenging defect sites.MedChemExpress (MCE) offers a wide range of high-quality research chemicals and biochemicals (novel life-science reagents, reference compounds and natural compounds) for scientific use. We have professionally experienced and friendly staff to meet your needs. We are a competent and trustworthy partner for your research and scientific projects.Related websites: https://www.medchemexpress.com
