The activities of these promoters were similar in the small intestinederived cell line LS174T

precedes gross aneuploidy and is an early event in carcinogenesis. Third, aneuploidy promotes tumorigenesis in vivo. Lastly, several tumor suppressors are required for the completion of cytokinesis. Taken together these results suggest that mechanisms promoting the dependable execution of cytokinesis are important in maintaining genomic integrity and in PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22180813 preventing carcinogenesis. Thus, in the broadest sense, an understanding of these pathways may provide a better understanding of one ��route��by which eukaryotic cells become tumorigenic in multicellular organisms. Given the importance of cytokinesis in maintaining genomic integrity it is particularly intriguing to note that orthologues of Hif2p, Set3p, and Snt1p exist in humans. Furthermore as might be expected based on the selection criteria used in the genetic screen MLL5, SET Domain Protein Regulates S. pombe Cytokinesis NCOR2, and TBL1X have themselves been shown to play a role in cytokinesis in human cells. In their study, Kittler et al. conducted a genome-wide RNAi screen aimed at identifying genes with roles in cell division in cultured HeLa cells. They discovered that the knockdown of MLL5, TBL1X, or NCOR2 resulted in defects in furrow ingression, cytokinesis failure, and finally the generation of tetraploid intermediates with twice the normal get 503468-95-9 number of centrosomes. While highly speculative it is of interest to note that MLL5 is found in a region of chromosome seven that is frequently deleted in myeloid malignancies, and furthermore that decreased MLL5 expression levels correlate with unfavourable outcomes in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Moreover, the downregulation of the NCOR2 gene can induce transformation in certain immortalized cell lines. While a direct role in tumour progression via cytokinesis failure has not been shown, it is SET Domain Protein Regulates S. pombe Cytokinesis interesting to speculate as to whether MLL5, NCOR2, or TBL1X might indeed encode tumour suppressors, and if so, whether the loss of these genes, and any ensuing cytokinesis defects could be relevant to carcinogenesis. Regardless, the isolation of known human regulators of cytokinesis in this screen further supports the utility of using S. pombe as a model for the study of eukaryotic genetic regulatory networks. A second observation of particular significance is the discovery that the levels of Set3p, Hif2p, and Snt1p increase 23 fold when wild-type cells are grown in the presence of low doses of LatA. Thus, in addition to the observed LatA hypersensitivity exhibited by the gene deletion mutants, these data provide further independent support that activity of the complex is required to respond properly to the presence of LatA in the growth medium. Up-regulation probably occurs at the post-transcriptional level since microarray data did not show strong induction of these genes in wild-type cells treated with LatA. While the above data identifies the Set3p complex as being required for the proper response to LatA induced stress, it says little with respect to the mechanism of action. Since histone deacetylase complexes have well defined roles in transcriptional regulation, we considered the possibility that the observed SET Domain Protein Regulates S. pombe Cytokinesis cytokinesis phenotypes were the result of defects in the transcription of genes involved in cytokinesis and/or the cytoskeleton. Importantly, while expression profiling clearly showed that this was not the case, a careful examina