The other two showed non-redox patterns of increasing absorbance at the completion of the reaction

Use of national mortality Nobiletin registration data to estimate deaths due to influenza in childhood will seriously underestimate the impact of influenza even if all cause mortality is considered. A risk-factor based influenza vaccination program for children would not prevent these fatal cases as the reasons underlying susceptibility to severe disease remain cryptic. Further studies on the outcome of seasonal influenza in children will help us to predict the impact of future epidemics and will assist understanding of the outcome of infections in the immune naive host during influenza pandemics. The JNK pathway, one of the three major classes of mitogenactivated protein kinase pathways, is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin-1, and several forms of environmental stress. In mammals, JNK is reported to be activated by two MAPK kinases Mkk4 and Mkk7, with Mkk7 as the major MAPKK in TNF- or IL-1-induced JNK activation while both, Mkk4 and Mkk7, are required for stress induced activation of JNK. In mammals, Mkk7 is a specific activator of JNKs while Mkk4 can also phosphorylate p38 MAPKs. In mice, analysis of the relative contribution of Mkk4 and Mkk7 to JNK activation has been complicated by the fact that Mkk4 and Mkk7 single mutants are embryonic lethal. Drosophila orthologs of Mkk4 and Mkk7 have been identified. So far, only mutations in hemipterous/Mkk7, have been isolated. Hep phosphorylates and activates the Drosophila JNK, Basket and null mutations in hep lead to a defect in dorsal closure, a well characterized process in the Drosophila embryo that entirely depends on JNK ML240 signaling. In contrast to mammals, Drosophila Mkk4 only activates JNK but not p38 in vitro, however this remains controversial. Virus isolation was not undertaken. Nipah virus is categorized as a BSL 4 agent, and Indonesia does not currently have a laboratory with BSL4 facilities. Realtime PCR and RT- PCR represent a practical and robust alternative to detect Nipah virus from field samples in this situation. The assays target the N and M genes respectively, both of which are highly conserved among henipaviruses, allowing confident identification of Nipah virus from field samples rapidly and s