This difference in urinary iodine levels is attributable to the age of the study participants: children tend to have much higher urinary iodine levels compared with adults. In fact, urinary iodine data from NHANES consistently finds that women of reproductive age have about half the urinary iodine levels compared with children. In contrast to data indicating adequate iodine intake in the US population, we found inadequate iodine intake, suggesting ongoing iodine deficiency in all three cities studied. The public health strategy to reduce iodine deficiency is salt iodization; therefore we expected higher iodine levels in urine collected from people who consume iodized salt. Urinary iodine levels were marginally higher in women using iodized salt compared with women not using iodized salt, although this difference was not significant once we controlled for age, BMI and study site. According to the Turkey Demographic and Health Survey 15% of the households did not have iodized salt; furthermore, the availability of iodized salt differed by residence type and region. In urban areas, only the household salt tested was not iodized, whereas this value in rural areas. Despite the fact that the study participants reported using iodized salt in our study, the Acetylene-linker-Val-Cit-PABC-MMAE observed low levels of iodine intake indicate that additional efforts are needed to protect the Turkish population from iodine deficiency. Istanbul participants were younger and of lower BMI than study participants from the other two locations. These demographic differences might affect the results. Previous reports indicate that people with higher BMI tend to excrete higher levels of perchlorate and other food-related anions. Similarly, older U.S. adults tend to excrete more perchlorate than do younger U.S. adults, although the HIF-2α-IN-1 structure reason for this observation is not clear. We controlled for differences in age and BMI between the three cities by using multivariate models. After adjusting for differences in age and BMI, urinary nitrate levels were lower in Isparta compared with Kayseri. The higher nitrate levels observed in Kayseri may result from higher levels of nitrate in local food and drinking water. Indeed the City of Kayseri Municipal W
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