This is of potential clinical impact since patients with advanced stages

IRC6, BIRC6-depleted LNCaP cells were also examined for changes in the levels of Beclin-1. In mammalian cells enhanced expression of Beclin-1 has been shown to order SHP099 (hydrochloride) increase their autophagic response and the suppression of Beclin-1 has been shown to impair autophagy and sensitize cells to starvation-induced apoptosis. The reduced expression of Beclin-1 in the BIRC6-depleted LNCaP cells suggests that the lower numbers of autophagosomes in these cells is likely due to inhibition of autophagy initiation and autophagosome formation. In addition, in the LC3-GFP puncta formation assay where LNCaP cells were treated with chloroquine, a potent inhibitor of autophagosome degradation, BIRC6-depleted cells also showed less punctate structures than non-targeting controls. This evidence highlights the relationship between BIRC6 expression and autophagy initiation in particular. Taken together, these data demonstrate that loss of BIRC6 expression in LNCaP prostate cancer cells leads to inhibition of autophagy and that BIRC6 may be a positive regulator of autophagy. With increasing evidence that autophagy may serve as a survival mechanism of cells in response to stress, including anti-cancer therapeutics, BIRC6 may be a suitable target for inhibition of autophagy-mediated cell survival and for PD1-PDL1 inhibitor 2 treatment resistance in prostate cancer cells. Targeting autophagy has already been shown to sensitize a variety of cancers to treatment, including prostate cancer. Treatment of prostate cancer cells deficient in argininosuccinate synthetase with siRNAs targeting Beclin-1 or chloroquine, has been reported to inhibit autophagy and increase the sensitivity of such cells to treatment with the anti-cancer agent ADI-PEG20, a pegylated arginine deiminase. In view of the above, it is proposed that targeting BIRC6 in prostate cancer can be used to inhibit autophagy, and thus, autophagy-mediated treatment resistance. This strategy represents a novel approach to sensitizing prostate cancer cells to therapy. However, further work is needed to determine the effectiveness of targeting BIRC6 as a strategy to control autophagy-mediated treatment resistance. The finding that treatment of LNCaP cells with doxorubicin results in a dramatic loss of BIRC6 expression, is consistent with a previous report demons